Artikelen in de Times Educational Supplement
Begin jaren twintig schrijft Parkhurst een aantal artikelen voor The Times Educational Supplement. We hebben de artikelen opgezocht en omgezet in PDF-bestanden. Bij het omzetten zijn op enkele plaatsen rare drukfouten ontstaan. Binnenkort zullen we die verhelpen.
The Dalton Plan I by Helen Parkhurst
The "Laboratory Plan" (first made known in England by an article in "The Times Educational Supplement" of May 27, 1920) is a scheme of educational re-organization applicable to the school work of pupils from eight to seventeen years of age in the lower and secondary schools. The plan was first tried as an experiment in an ungraded school for cripple children. Later it was tried successfully in secondary day schools. Miss Parkhurst then changed the name of the plan to "The Dalton-Laboratory Plan," prefixing the name of the American city where the plan was first attempted as an experiment in a public secondary day school.
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The Dalton Plan II by Helen Parkhurst
What should be included in the school curriculum, or what special methods of instruction should be used, was left out of the Dalton-Laboratory Plan entirely. The curriculum of any individual school should vary and depend upon the needs of the pupils, although in many schools it oftener strictly accords with some academic purpose for which the school has been established, even long after the purpose has been justified and although new needs have arisen. Just what shall be put in or left out of school curricula will be a matter of debate until the educational world awakes to the fact that the curriculum is not the chief problem of general concern, and that we have been viewing things through the wrong end o£ the telescope. We now know more of subjects—mathematics, for instance—than can possibly be included.
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The Dalton Plan III by Helen Parkhurst
There are thousands of teachers in elementary, public, and secondary schools who have freedom in their souls, if not in their schools. They have done their work faithfully. To-day a changed society demands that the teacher get at the problem in another way. The Dalton Laboratory Plan changes the pupil's attitude. It points out a way of taking the first step. I hope that the teachers in the middle and upper schools may not only see how the curriculum which confronts them can be accomplished, but that they may see how, at the same time, the pupils may be free to live and serve as true members of society.
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The Dalton Plan IV by Helen Parkhurst
May I be permitted to summarize the fundamental principles upon which the Dalton Laboratory Plan is based ?
The first principle is freedom. The child who merely "does as he pleases" is not a free child. Such a one is likely to be arbitrary, selfish, and unwilling to cooperate. If so, lie is in need of moans with which to become a harmonious, well-rounded, responsible human being—free from selfishness to such an extent that ho will consciously lend his strength and talent to cooperate with others in the attainment of a common good. We are agreed that freedom of movement is necessary for his physical well-being, but we must also permit him freedom to exercise his mentality; freedom to develop his resourcefulness and versatility ; freedom to initiate his pursuits; and freedom to organize his work.
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The Dalton Plan V by Helen Parkhurst
The Dalton Laboratory Plan lays the work of the school before the pupils in the form of a contract-job. The contract-job of anyone form is equivalent to a month's work in each of the subjects of the curriculum for that form. The separate subjects are outlined in the form of weekly assignments. As the Dalton Plan makes such a point of getting at school problems from the standpoint of the learner, the importance of the assignments will at once be appreciated—in fact the Plan hinges upon the assignment, for it is by means of the assignments that the pupil is given a view-point of his job as a whole, in all its parts.
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